Identifying the Role of the First ‘Qawmi Madrasah’ Darul Uloom Deoband in the Indian Subcontinent

When Darul Uloom in Deoband was founded, the Muslims endured a difficult period under the British. Darul Uloom was a ray of light for the preservation of Islamic education. The primary objective of this study is to elucidate the protective role played by Darul Uloom Deoband. The study also investigates the institution's endeavors in safeguarding Muslim principles and promoting educational advancement. Data were obtained and examined through direct observation, texts and articles. The results show how Muslims came to understand defending Islamic values and education against Western harm and how Darul Uloom played a vital role during difficult times under British colonial rule

Evaluation of the Levetiracetam treatment on reduction of epileptic discharges in electroencephalogram in children with epilepsy.

Abstract: Objectives: Epilepsy is a relatively common disease in childhood. In some patients, despite clinical control of seizures, the electroencephalogram (EEG) is clearly abnormal. In some studies, the adverse effects of epileptic discharges on cognition, learning, behavior, and seizure recurrence in children have been identified. In this study, the effect of Levetiracetam on epileptic discharges in the interictal phase of EEG in children with epilepsy was investigated. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, 59 children aged 2 to 15 years with epilepsy, whose clinical seizures were controlled by sodium valproate in the last six months, but they still had epileptic discharges in the EEG, were randomly divided into two groups. Intervention group (24 people), whom Levetiracetam was added to sodium valproate, and control group, whom treatment with sodium valproate (35 people) alone was continued, then the patients were followed for one year. Results: The frequency of normalization of epileptic discharges in the intervention and control group was 66.7% and 57.1% (P = 0.500), respectively. The mean time for normalization of epileptic discharges in the interictal phase was 14.55%±14.31%   months in the intervention group and 12.50%±20.18%   months in the control group (P = 0.033). Conclusion: In children with controlled seizures whose EEG was still abnormal, both sodium valproate therapy alone and sodium valproate combined with Levetiracetam were effective in reducing the severity of epileptic discharges. But addition of Levetiracetam to sodium valproate normalizes EEG more rapidly. &nbsp

The Effect of Spiritual and Religious Group Psychotherapy on Suicidal Ideation in Depressed Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Introduction: Suicide is a great economical, social and public health problem. It is prevalent worldwide and has a lot of negative effects on individuals, families and society. Depression is often prelude to Suicide. An important part of the treatment of the mentally ill patients is spiritual-religious psychotherapy which should be done after physical treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of spiritual and religious group psychotherapy on suicidal ideation in depressed patients. Methods: 51 depressed patients with suicidal ideation from Razi hospital (Tabriz, Iran) participated in this clinical trial. To collect Data questionnaire was used which included demographic and Beck Suicide Scale Ideation. Experimental group participated in 10 sessions of group psychotherapy. Each section lasted 1 hour. Two weeks after the last section post test was done. Statistical software SPSS ver 13 was used for data analysis. Results: Results of independent t-test revealed no difference between two groups in terms of suicidal ideation before intervention but after study there is a statistical difference. Also the results of ANCOVA test showed a significant relationship between spiritual group therapy and decrease in suicidal ideation, so that this intervention can make 57% of variance in suicidal ideation of experimental group.Conclusion: Regarding positive effect of spiritual and religious group psychotherapy on decreasing suicidal ideation of depressed patients, we suggest this intervention to be held in Psychiatric Wards and also more study on depression and other psychiatric patients with greater sample size would be helpful

Engineered Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Potentials in Cancer Immunotherapy

Exosomes are nano vesicles from the larger family named Extracellular Vesicle (EV)s which are released by various cells including tumor cells, mast cells, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes, neurons, adipocytes, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells. They are considerable messengers that can exchange proteins and genetic materials between the cells. Within the past decade, Tumor derived exosomes (TEX) have been emerged as important mediators in cancer initiation, progression and metastasis as well as host immune suppression and drug resistance. Although tumor derived exosomes consist of tumor antigens and several Heat Shock Proteins such as HSP70 and HSP90 to stimulate immune response against tumor cells, they contain inhibitory molecules like Fas ligand (Fas-L), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) leading to decrease the cytotoxicity and establish immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). To bypass this problem and enhance immune response, some macromolecules such as miRNAs, HSPs and activatory ligands have been recognized as potent immune inducers that could be used as anti-tumor agents to construct a nano sized tumor vaccine. Here, we discussed emerging engineered exosomes as a novel therapeutic strategy and considered the associated challenges. © Copyright © 2020 Taghikhani, Farzaneh, Sharifzad, Mardpour, Ebrahimi and Hassan

Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the pain anxiety symptom scale (PASS-20) in chronic non-specific neck pain patients

Objectives: Pain-related anxiety has been linked to avoidance behaviour, maintenance of pain and disability. A valid and reliable tool is required to evaluate pain-related anxiety among Persian speaking adults with chronic non-specific neck pain (CNSNP). This study aimed to evaluate psychometric properties of the Persian pain anxiety symptom scale-20 (PASS-20) according to the consensus-based standards for the selection of health measurement instruments (COSMIN) checklist in Iranian adults with CNSNP. Methods: 198 individuals with CNSNP completed the PASS-20. The factorial structure (confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory factor analysis (EFA)), test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change (MDC)), internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), and construct validity (convergent and known-group validity) were assessed. The correlation between PASS-20 with pain catastrophizing scale (PCS), Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), neck disability index (NDI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), visual analog scale (VAS) (Spearman's rank correlation) were examined. Known-group validity of PASS-20 was evaluated by comparing the difference between the PASS-20 scores of the known groups based on level of disability, pain intensity and gender using non-parametric tests. Results: The CFA showed almost the best fit with the original version. The subscales and total score demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's α: 0.70-0.92) and high test-retest reliability (ICC: 0.94-0.97). PASS-20 had significant moderate correlations with PCS, TSK, NDI, VAS and a significant low correlation with BDI. Regarding known-group validity, the total score of Persian PASS-20 was higher in CNSNP with higher levels of pain and disability and in the female gender. Conclusions: The Persian PASS-20 has acceptable psychometric properties in adults with CNSNP. The results of the factor analysis supported the four-factor structure comparable to the original version. Ethical committee number: 921672004.</p